8 In Sub-Saharan Africa, maize is consumed by 50 percent of the population and is the preferred food for one-third of all malnourished children and 900 million poor people worldwide. This could be explained by the concentration of spores. Narrow row widths of about 50 to 70 cm is recommended to ensure that sunlight falls on the plants and not on bare soil. Source(s): studies 0 0 2013a). While in Asia it will reach 70 kg per capita in 2020. Best management practices (BMPs) for nutrient stewardship encourage the concept of applying the right product (source), at the right rate, at the right time, and in the right place. Best Management Practices More on this topic. This reduces weed competition and loss of soil moisture from evaporation. The RIL was derived from … If a population does not have enough genetic variabilty to ensure a continued successful line(s) of propagation, this would be an unstable population. The UK, for example, had a population of 59 million people in 2004. More plants mean higher yield. Maize (/ m eɪ z / MAYZ ; Zea mays subsp. Stable isotopes and maize consumption in central western Argentina. We have produced the first balanced multi-parental population in maize, a tool that provides high diversity and dense recombination events to … n. 1. a. mays , from Spanish: maíz after Taino: mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Below are some guidelines in choosing the optimal planting density and plant spacing for maize in the tropics: The agronomic programs of IPNI outside Canada ceased operations on April 1, 2019. There is widespread concern for issues such as climate change and relationship of crop production to the environment and ecosystems, and IPNI programs are achieving positive results. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield … cultivars, plant population, soil tillage, fertilisation, weed, insect and disease control, harvesting, marketing and financial resources. Most previous studies are based on small samples of adults who are assumed to characterize the diet of the population. Publication types … For example, populations of the checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha) in California have a metapopulation structure consisting of a number of small satellite populations that surround a … Population Explosion! The results of this study suggest that high yielding and stable population hybrids can be utilized in breeding programmes aiming to provide improved varieties for the large number of rural maize farmers in the SSA zone, who often lack access or the capacity to purchase commercial hybrids. See more. Results: A total of 14 environmentally stable QTLs were identified, and the number of QTLs for Z 1 and Z 2 populations was six and eight, respectively. Metapopulation theory states that a large population consisting of a single species is most stable over a large area when it is divided up into smaller subpopulations. Stabilize definition is - to make stable, steadfast, or firm. Search stable population and thousands of other words in English definition and synonym dictionary from Reverso. The characterization of the full MAGIC maize population will lead to higher power and definition in QTL mapping, and lay the basis for improved understanding of maize phenotypes, heterosis included. Maize (Zea mays) is a globally produced crop with broad genetic and phenotypic variation. Short maize varieties may be grown at higher plant populations. The domesticated crop originated in the Americas and is one of the most widely distributed of the world’s food crops. schools, hospitals, homes, … We combined the maize genome size, recombination events in each line and population size to estimate the theory of map resolution. Plants that are planted too near each other tend to be taller but with thin and weak stalks, making them more susceptible to lodging and stalk diseases. Additional file 1: Table S1. Ground maize is prepared into porridge in Eastern and Southern Africa, while maize flour is prepared into porridge/pap in West Africa. MAIZE:Post-harvest Operations Page 2 1. Maize is an extremely diverse species and possesses enormous genomic and phenotypic variability. The MM is a new mapping population that contains a large amount of genetic diversity and fine recombination block structure within a … The term stable population refers to a population with an unchanging (but possibly nonzero) rate of growth and an unchanging age composition (i.e., the population pyramid does not change in shape) as a result of age-specific birth rates and age-specific death rates that have remained constant for a sufficiently long time.. A stable population may or may not have zero population … Consequently, maize breeding should seek hybrids that combine population-tolerance and improved yield potential per plant, so that a wider range of optimum plant populations insure both high productivity and stable performance. Select an optimal plant spacing that allows for ease of field operations, such as fertilizer application or weeding, minimizes competition among plants for light, water, and nutrients, and creates a favorable micro-climate in the canopy to reduce the risk for pests and diseases. The mapping of methyl-QTL in a soybean RIL population found that only 2.5% of the methyl-QTL mapped to trans-acting genomic regions while the other 97.5% mapped near the DMR (Schmitz et al. Maize planting population per hectare (10,000m) with a seed rate of one per hole, using the plant population formula, is approximately 53,333 plants. the full MAGIC maize population will lead to higher power and definition in QTL mapping, and lay the basis for improved understanding of maize phenotypes, heterosis included. It is processed and prepared in various forms depending on the country and culture. In South America, consumption grew to 150 kg per capita. In this study, we focused on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and general combining ability (GCA) of Ye478, a widely used foundation parent in China. For each line, developer, breeding group, and pedigree are given. X.M. Maize flowering time (FT) is a highly heritable, adaptive set of phenotypes that consists of both male (days to anthesis, DTA) and female (days to silking, DTS) flowering time traits. Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum is a destructive disease in maize. For drought-prone environments, it is not advisable to have more than 75,000 plants per ha. Ground maize is also fried or baked in many countries. Try it yourself to see how simple and easy it is. The term stable population refers to a population with an unchanging (but possibly nonzero) rate of growth and an unchanging age composition (i.e., the population pyramid does not change in shape) as a result of age-specific birth rates and age-specific death rates that have remained constant for a sufficiently long time. The characterization of the full MAGIC maize population will lead to higher power and definition in QTL mapping, and lay the basis for improved understanding of maize phenotypes, heterosis included. A staple food, food staple, or simply a staple, is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well. Maize in the Americas BRUCE F. BENZ Purpose and Scope of Review 9 Introduction 10 Genetic Evidence of Teosinte Domestication 11 Genetic Evidence of Population Manipulation 12 Archaeological-Macrobotanical Evidence of Teosinte Domestication and Maize Agriculture 15 Pollen Evidence for Use of Zea and Climate Change Each line was selfed to the F 7 generation to produce 1,971 total RILs. The MM population that has been developed currently comprises 529 inbred lines, which were derived from intercrossing eight inbred founder lines to produce a maize population whose genomes represent reshuffled combinations of all eight founders; as genotyping continues, the authors plan to release approximately 1000 more lines. The synthetic parent maize population ((1601/5 × ZPL913)F2 = R0) with 25% of exotic germplasm was used to assess: (i) genotype × environment interaction and estimate stability of genotypes using … inbreed line (RIL) based design III population derived from the elite maize hybrid Zhengdan 958 in five environments. Previous studies of maize DMRs in a RIL population (Eichten et al. Corn is used as livestock feed, as human food, as biofuel, and as raw material in industry. The mission of IPNI is to develop and promote scientific information about the responsible management of plant nutrition for the benefit of the human family. A population pyramid, or age structure graph, is a simple graph that conveys the complex social narrative of a population through its shape. We applied 50,000 spores ml −1 in each maize ear in the experiments located in Brazil, but an even higher concentration might be necessary to increase disease severity. Define stable population. A stable population may or may not have zero population growth. 2013) found relatively few trans inheritance patterns. Increasing the maize plant population has undergone a constant evolution over the years, with the purpose of enhancing the crop yield. maize varieties and household food security. Detail of the local LD decay distribution along each chromosome. Plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) are two important agronomic traits in maize selection breeding. 2. mays) originated in Mexico and Central America and belongs to the tribe Maydae of the family Poaceae. The total number of such people. The number of plants per unit area is influenced by the distance between rows, the distance between plants in a row, and the number of plants in a hill. Having more than 75,000 plants per ha will not increase yield unless growing conditions are very favorable with a yield potential of >13 t/ha. Maize is the most important cereal crop in sub-Saharan Africa, a stable food for an estimated 50% of the population as an important source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B and Minerals. How to use stabilize in a sentence. The 25th percentile (blue line) and 75th percentile (red line) of the LD distribution within ±1 Mb each marker is shown. Linkage mapping identified three stable QTL in the F 2:3 and four‐way‐cross populations; GWAS identified the genes associated with them. New tools that improve our understanding of the genetic basis of quantitative traits are needed to guide predictive crop breeding. The birth rate is slightly above the death rate during this stage. Demographers use these simple graphs to evaluate the extent of development for a given population – usually an individual nation – and to make predictions about the types of services that population will need e.g. Ecologists seek to understand how large populations must be in order to establish population-size benchmarks that help to keep species from going extinct. Stable carbon isotope ratios in prehistoric human bone collagen have been used extensively to document the introduction and intensification of maize horticulture in northeastern North America. of Genetic properties of the MAGIC maize population: a new platform for high definition QTL mapping in Zea mays Details of the MAGIC maize founder lines. MAGIC maize is available to researchers. Is the only cereal, which Recombination in diverse maize is stable, predictable, and associated with genetic load Eli Rodgers-Melnicka,1, ... (mean = 305 kb, median = 127 kb) (SI Ap-pendix,Fig.S2). MAGIC maize is available to researchers. In developed countries, maize is consumed mainly as second-cycle produce, in the form of meat, eggs and dairy products. Stable Isotopes and Maize Consumption in Central Western Argentina A. F. GIL,a* G. A. NEME,a R. H. TYKOT,b P. NOVELLINO,a V. CORTEGOSOc AND V. DURA´Nc a Departamento de Antropologı´a, Museo de Historia Natural, Parque Mariano Moreno, (5600) San Rafael, Argentina b Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA c Facultad de Filosofı ´a y … State of the art research on maize chronology, molecular biology, and stable carbon isotope research on ancient human diets have provided additional lines of evidence on the changing role of maize through time and space and its spread throughout the Americas. As the world’s population increases and more people begin to include higher amounts of meat, poultry and dairy into their diets, demand for maize is expected to rise. Maize has been described as a primary catalyst to complex sociocultural development in the Americas. Corn, (Zea mays), also called Indian corn or maize, cereal plant of the grass family and its edible grain. Hills within the row, preferably, should not be less than 20 cm apart with only one plant per hill to avoid overcrowding. But while Guatemala is recognised as a historically rich agri-cultural landscape, forming part of the Mesoamerican To broaden our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of leaf angle formation, we constructed a F3:4 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population to map QTL for leaf angle. Population pyramids can help us understand the trends in a given population with time. Use Figure 1 to select a within-row spacing that will meet the desired plant population. 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