Efficacy of using a combination of rendered protein products as an undegradable intake protein supplement for lactating, winter-calving, beef cows fed bromegrass hay. J. Anim. Anim. Sci. It can be used to: When adding it to a garden as a nitrogen source, it must be blended into the soil to start the decomposition to make the nitrogenous compounds available to the plants. Egypt. Anim. At the time of writing (September 2020), a new relaxation of rules ban is under discussion, which would concern the use of swine PAP in poultry diets and poultry PAP – including feather meal – in pig diets. Feather meal could replace up to 33% fish meal and 66% soybean meal in Nile tilapia fry (2.3 g) diet (containing 30% CP and 19.7 MJ/kg gross energy) without compromising growth and protein utilization (Suloma et al., 2014). Hydrolyzed feather meal as feed component in diets for rainbow trout (, Pfeuti, G.; Cant, J. P.; Shoveller, A. K.; Bureau, D. P., 2019. So feathers are processed into meal, which can then be used in a number of ways--among them fertilizer, and as an additive to feed for chickens, pigs, fish, and cattle. J. Anim. An earlier experiment included feather meal at 9% (dietary DM) without impairing growth rate feed efficiency or carcass traits (Chiba et al., 1996). (eds. Unlike many other animal-based products, its protein profile is highly deficient in lysine (about 2.3% protein vs 7-8% for a fish meal, 4-6% for a meat and bone meal, and up to 10% for a blood meal. Rev. Compared to soybean meal given at 1 kg/d from 45 days prior calving to the end of the breeding season in Brahman pregnant heifers, hydrolyzed feather meal induced lower body weight and condition score, but pregnancy rate was not affected (Mora-Luna, et al., 2014). Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). A quadratic decrease in growth rate and gain:feed ration was observed with increasing feather meal from 3% to 6% at starter stage (Apple et al., 2003). Value of feather meal in a molasses-based liquid supplement fed to yearling cattle consuming a forage diet. When adding lime (calcium hydroxide) to feathers at 100°C or 150°C, the resulting hydrolysate was rich in amino acids and polypeptides and the hydrolysis of keratin was very effective (95% hydrolysis after 3h at 150°C). This decrease could be itself halved by supplementating lysine or a mixture of lysine and methione, suggesting that amino acid deficiency was not the only issue with feather meal. Personal Communication, Pan, L. ; Ma, X. K. ; Wang, H. L. ; Xu, X. ; Zeng, Z. K. ; Tian, Q. Y. ; Zhao, P. F. ; Zhang, S. ; Yang, Z. Y. ; Piao, X. S., 2016. Sci., 91 (12): 5829–5837, Suloma, A.; El-Husseiny, O. M.; Hassane, M. I.; Mabroke, R. S.; El-Haroun, E. R., 2014. Feather meal can be used to replace a significant … Studies on the use of hydrolysed feather meal as a protein source in grower diets for carp (, Miner, W. H., 2005. World Poult. Use of dietary feather meal to induce histidine deficiency or imbalance in dairy cows and effects on milk composition. Res., 14 (3): 542-547, Seo, S. H.; Jung, B. Y.; Lee, M. K.; Lee, B. H.; Paik, I. K., 2009. Use of Meatpacking By-Products in Fish Diets. Earlier experiments had inconsistent conclusions. Extensively hydrolysed poultry feather (EHPF) is used in diets of aquatic species to promote intake and growth and in dog and cat nutrition to enhance diet palatability. Effect of feather meal on barrow performance. Increasing feather meal content decreased feed intake and halved growth performance. J. In seabass juveniles, replacing 76% of fish meal with hydrolyzed feather meal resulted in lower protein digestibility and thus higher N losses but it also increased phosphorus digestibility and reduced P losses. Complementary responses between feather meal and poultry by-product meal with or without ruminally protected methionine and lysine in growing calves. • The primary products of rendering are feed ingredients for livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and pet-food industries. Sci., 95 (6): 2614–2626, Kerr, B. J. ; Urriola, P. E. ; Jha, R. ; Thomson, J. E. ; M. Curry, S. M. ; Shurson, G. C., 2019. Rev. Dairy Sci., 103 (5): 4206-4217, Munguti, J. M. ; Liti, D. M. ; Waidbacher, H. ; Straif, M. ; Zollitsch, W., 2006. Feathers are produced worldwide. The replacement of a traditional grain by feather meal higher in metabolizable arginine (56 to 175 mg/kg body weight), did not affect weight gain in grazing growing Limousin heifers (Johnson et al., 2019). J. Blood meal also has significant phosphorus and calcium; as such it’s perfect for vegetable gardening. However, over 8% dietary inclusion, enzymatic feather meal, supplemented or not with lysine and methionine, resulted in lesser performance than that obtained with the control diet. As a cost-saving replacement for … Performance and egg characteristics of laying hens fed diets incorporated with poultry by-product and feather meals. It is rich in cystine (4.6% protein) but poor in methionine (0.7% protein), histidine (0.9% protein) and, to a less extent, tryptophane (0.6% protein). Rev. Res. Feathers represent 3-7% weight of the live bird, therefore producing a considerable mass of protein (Soni et al., 2017; Collins et al., 2014). From these results it is advised to avoid feather meal in young turkeys up to 4 weeks of age, and to limit inclusion to 2.5-5% in older animals, with adequate feed formulation. Waste Management, 31 (8): 1689–1701, Latshaw, J. D., 1990. for cows on pasture producing less than 22 kg of milk (Bargo et al., 2001). Indeed, despite a high level of metabolizable protein, the amino acid profile in feather meal can be limiting for milk production. Rev. Transforming huge amounts of poultry feathers into feather meal allows the disposal of feathers which are otherwise an environmental burden. Turkey Fat. Keratin is the main protein in feathers and is virtually insoluble. Feather meal is used in formulated animal feed and in organic fertilizer. FEATHER MEAL NUTRITIONAL ASSAY HYDROLIZED POULTRY FEATHER MEAL. Feather meal is a rather inexpensive protein source, with high rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 1. Read also: Chicken Feeding … The reduction of feed intake and fat was reported to be effective only if feather meal was fed from the early fattening stage when barrows had only 36 kg BW. According to FAO, about 24 billion chicken were produced in 2018. The protein profile also depends on the extra material present in the feather meal (such as blood), and on the amount of amino acid degradation caused by hydrolysis. In: Animal production and health in the tropics, Jainudeen, M.R.Omar, A.R. Papadopoulos (1985) reported that steam cooking of feathers at 146 °C and 320 kPa for 30 minutes produces a poultry meal of the highest digestibility and biological value. Harris, B. Jr. ; Dorminey, D. E. ; Smith, W. A. ; Horn, H. H. van; Wilcox, C. J., 1992. 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 10,4 20,8 39,1 52,1 … All feather meals produced within the EU are reported to be hydrolized (Crawshaw, 2019). Functionality of raw materials and feed composition. Is it valuable to you? Bras. Supplementation with degradable and undegradable protein sources in rumen on cows fed, Mora-Luna, R. E.; Chicco, C. F.; Herrera-Angulo, A. M.; Godoy, S.; Garmendia, J., 2015. Livest. Feed Sci. Feather meal inclusion at 3 or 6% increased ham leanness. In contrast, when associated to other protein sources to support metabolizable Met and Lys supply, feather meal gave comparable milk production than heat- and lignosulfonate-treated canola meal (Johnson-VanWieringen et al., 2007). Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok (Thailand). Wastes, 32 (1): 39-74, El-Sayed, H. M. ; Kholif, A. M. ; El-Ashry, M. A. ; El-Alamy, H. A. ; Kholif, S. M., 1997. Hasan, M. R.; Haq, M. S.; Das, P. M.; Mowlah, G., 1997. Poultry World, Misset Uitgeverij B.V. Soto-Navarro, S. A.; Goetsch, A. L.; Sahlu, T.; Puchala, R., 2004. J. Sci., 53 (3):1084-1095, Bandegan, A. ; Kiarie, E. ; Payne, R. L. ; Crow, G. H. ; Guenter, W. ; Nyachoti, C. M., 2010. Protein digestibility of enzymatic hydrolysis feather meal in vitro and its application in growing pigs. In one experiment, the SID values of two samples for lysine, isoleucine and tryptophane were compared to NRC values (56, 76 and 63% respectively): the first sample was much lower and the second was much higher. Juvenile red hybrid tilapia (37 g BW) could be successfully fed during 16 weeks on feather meal at up to 15 % dietary inclusion as a replacer of fish meal in a diet containing 29% digestible protein. The improvement of the utilization of feather meal as protein source for duck. The utilization of feather meal to increase duck production, carcass quality and feathers growth of local Bali ducks. In wethers, substitution of soybean meal/urea by hydrolyzed feather meal produced an increase in protein intake and nitrogen retention, but also in feces and urine nitrogen excretion, while the digestibility of nutrients was reduced (Branco et al., 2003). Zootec., 31 (3): 1571-1581, de Oliveira, M. V. M.; Vargas, F. M.; Sanchez, L. M. B.; Paris, W.; Frizz, A.; Haygert, I. P.; Montagner, D.; Weber, A.; Cerdotes, L., 2003. Nutrient digestibilities and utilization of diets containing hydrolyzed feather meal in growing (30 kgs) and finishing (80 kgs) pigs. • For poultry: Rendering serves two-fold – 1) Feed Rev. Int. A possible means of maintaining supply of broiler meat all year round at cheaper prices is by reducing the cost of production. We need your help to keep providing reference-based feeding recommendations for your animals. Livest. When feather meal was incorporated into liquid supplements to replace a portion of the CP provided by urea, average daily gain and reproductive performance was improved in mature beef cows (Pate et al., 1995). Poultry By-Product Meal 56%. Rabbit Res., 9: 175-177, Fialho, E. T. ; Barbosa, H. P. ; Albino, L. F. T., 1995. Bioconversion of chicken feathers by Bacillus aerius NSMk2: A potential approach in poultry waste management. Bras. Kerr, B. J. ; Jha, R. ; Urriola, P. E. ; Shurson, G. C., 2017. Effect of different animal protein-sources on digestive and metabolic parameters and milk-production in dairy goats. Feeding strategies and shade type for growing cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue. To improve digestibility feathers … Habib, G. ; Khan, N. A. ; Ali, M. ; Bezabih, M., 2013. However, this is not always the case and some authors observed a decrease in growth performance at levels above 2.5% (Daghir, 1975). Poultry Fat. It is important to note that, at the time of writing (September 2020), its use in ruminant feeding is banned in the European Union (Regulation EC n° 999/2001, Annex IV) and in other countries such as Brazil (ABRA, 2020). J. Anim. J. Cleaner Prod., 252: 119845, Cao, S.; Li, P.; Huang, B.; Song, Z.; Hao, T.; Wang, C.; Wang, M., 2020. Feather meal had no effect on pig performance and feed intake at 8%, but significantly decreased weight gain and feed intake at 10%. Resource efficiency champions: Co-products, an essential part of animal nutrition. There was a trend for backfat to increase with increasing level of feather meal and the lean gain was reduced at 10% inclusion. Bras. Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles, menhaden fish meal, methionine, and hydrolyzed feather meal in diets of young turkeys. J. Anim. Research report in 1989, 1990; swine breeding and production, Dep. Hydrolyzed chicken feather meal as protein source for red tilapia (, Ørskov, E. R. ; Nakashima, Y. ; Abreu, J. M. F. ; Kibon, A. ; Tuah, A. K., 1992. Feather meal. The effect of dietary supplementation of feather meal on the performance and muscular taurine contents in growing-finishing pigs. Swine Prod. Res., 51 (1): 101-106, Southern, L. L.; LeMieux, F. M.; Matthews, J. O.; Bidner, T. D.; Knowles, T. A., 2000. ; Cattáneo, A.C.; Arias, R.; Cossú, M.E. Mahidol University, Rodriguez, N. M.; Moreira, J. F. C.; Fernandes, P. C. C.; Veloso, C. M.; Saliba, E. O. S.; Borges, I.; Goncalves, L. C.; Borges, A., 2003. Utilization of fermented feather meal replacement of fish meal in fish feed. Millet. Bras. Nutr., 48 (15): 33-36, Löest, C. A.; Titgemeyer, E. C.; Drouillard, J. S.; Coetzer, C. M.; Hunter, R. D.; Bindel, D. J.; Lambert, B. D., 2002. Effects of substituting feather meal for soybean meal on ruminal fiber fermentation and lamb and wool growth. Feather meal should have a high nutritional value, with guarantees regarding its amino acid profile and protein digestibility, regardless of the quality and origin of the starting material. Protein from feather meal has a high intestinal true digestibility (Branco et al., 2006; de Oliveira et al., 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2003; Strzetelski et al., 1999; Lee et al., 1997; Calsamiglia et al., 1995). The use of hydrolyzed feather meal with blood meal in dairy goats improved the nutritive value of the diet and milk quality (Andrighetto et al., 1994). Feed intake, growth performance, feed conversion, body composition and health parameters not were affected. Chicken meal and and poultry by-product meal are protein ingredients that have a concentration of amino acids similar to that of fish meal. Studies on the protein degradabilities of feedstuffs in Taiwan. Utilization of hydrolysed feather meal as a protein source in growing-finishing swine diets. ), Serdang, Selangor (Malaysia): UPM Press, 1982. p. 237-240, Kim, C. H.; Choung, J. J.; Chamberlain, D. G., 1999. Bioresource Technol., 97 (11): 1337-1343, Cozzi, G.; Andrighetto, I.; Berzaghi, P.; Andreoli, D., 1995. Feather meal is used in formulated animal feed and in organic fertilizer. Poultry Blood Meal. Studies at and in association with the Rowett Research Organization, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK. A., 2005. Iso-metabolizable protein substitution of a balanced protein source by feather meal resulted in a decrease in DM intake, milk yield, milk protein content, and to a higher milk fat content (Stahel et al., 2014). Agricultural Wastes, 14 (4), 275–290, Park, C. S.; Naranjo, V.; Helmbrecht, A.; Htoo, J. K.; Adeola, O., 2019. Feather meal is a feed ingredient derived from the feather of healthy poultry, intended for human consumption, heat treated at a minimum of 145 C, at a minimum of 0.4{0.5 MPa pressure, and … Even one cent is helpful to us! 83 (9): 2146-2150, Senkoylu, N. ; Samli, H. E. ; Akyurek, H. ; Agma, A. ; Yasar, S., 2005. The nutritional value of feather meal is highly variable, because of the variability of the raw material and the variability added by technological treatments. Evaluation of hydrolyzed feather and offal meals as a protein sources for ruminants. Poultry by-product meal is produced from the offal of carcasses of slaughtered poultry … Sci., 78 (1):120-123, Ssu, K. W.; Brumm, M. C.; Miller, P. S., 2004. There are several ways to hydrolyze feather keratin and many patents have been registered. In an attempt to reduce fish meal in juvenile trouts, 40 g of feather meal was fed at 200 to 400 g/kg diet. Anim. Complementary effect of processed broiler offal and feather meals on nutrient retention, carcass and organ mass of broiler chickens. When finisher pig diets were formulated with feather meal (9.7 % dietary as-fed) to totally replace soybean meal (iso-nitrogenous diets with supplmented with different amino acids), pigs fed on feather meal diets had lower feed intake, lower indispensable amino acid intake, and they grew slowlier. Poult. J. Poultry By-Product Meal Blend 60%. Performance of beef calves fed with different protein sources associated with silage of sorghum harvested at two different heights. Increasing steam pressures of 204, 276 or 345 kPa during 30 min, at pH 5.7 or 9, have resulted in increasing pepsin digestibility but also in a lower cystine content of feather meal (Latshaw, 1990). Sci., 49 (2): 1259-1260, Yeo, J. M. ; Knight, C. H. ; Chamberlain, D. G., 2003. In some experiments the presence of feather meal in rabbit diets reduced significantly growth performance (feed intake, growth rate), but in this case the imbalance in amino acids was not taken in account (Trung et al., 2017). Sci., 230: 103829, Johnson-VanWieringen, L. M.; Harrison, J. H.; Davidson, D.; Swift, M. L.; von Keyserlingk, M. A. G.; Vazquez-Anon, M.; Wright, D.; Chalupa, W., 2007. It was suggested not to replace more than 30% fish meal to maintain optimal growth performance, fillet quality and intestinal health parameters (Yu et al., 2020). Reports, 3: 224-230, Bishop, C. D.; Angus, R. A.; Watts, S. A., 1995. Utilization of hydrolyzed feather meal as a protein source in growing and finishing pig diets. Performance characteristics of goat fed, Bhari⁠, R.; Manpreet Kaur⁠, M.; Ram Sarup Singh⁠⁠, R. M.; Pandey, A.; Larroche, C., 2018. Hydrolyzed leather meal in broiler diets. At high inclusion rates, N excretion was increased quadratically and P excretion was reduced. It is then dried, cooled and ground into a powder for use as a nitrogen source for animal feed (mostly ruminants) or as an organic soil amendment. Rapid in vitro tests (such as pepsin protein solubility) are not well correlated with the true nutritive value of feather meal (Papadopoulos, 1985). [clarification needed] Feather meal is made through a process called rendering. Some authors proposed to associate feather meal with other animal protein sources such as broiler offal or fish meal in order to improve the amino acid profile of the diet without relying too much on synthetic amino acids (El Boushy et al., 1990). Determination of the first-limiting amino acid for milk production in dairy cows consuming a diet of grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal. Young animals seem to be more affected than older broilers (Morris et al., 1973). Zootec., 32 (3): 690-698, Waldroup, P. W. ; Hillard, C. M. ; Abbott, W. W. ; Luther, L. W., 1970. In Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) fry, feather meal could replace up to 50% fish meal and be included at up to 20% in the diet without compromising growth and feed conversion ratio (Hasan et al., 1997). Digestibility is very variable according to the processing method, and should be considered for a proper feed formulation. ; Muro, M.G. American Association of Animal Feed Control Officials, Associação Brasileira de Reciclagem Animal, 2020. Levels of 5 and 7.5 % of dietary feather meal decreased DM and CP digestibility, loin-eye area, FCR and feed intake (Buaban, 1988). Sci., 72 (9): 1617-1620, Sinchermsiri, D. ; Buaban, R. ; Hanbunchong, A., 1989. Lulu.com, Csapo, J.; Albert, C., 2018. Effects of feather meal on the performance of turkeys. Effect of feather meal as a source of valine for lactating sows. Wool fibre diametre and sulfur content of wool did not differ in lambs fed feather meal vs. soybean meal (Thomas et al., 1994). The most important point is to formulate feeds with adequate values for amino acids content and digestibility. In juvenile (20 g) carps, up to 40% fish meal could be replaced by hydrolyzed feather meal without impairing growth rate and feed conversion ratio. In Pengze crucian carps, feather meal was used to replace 15% to 60% of fish meal (isonitrogenous at 35% crude protein) during 70 days. Sci., 69 (3): 1272-1278, Branco, A. F.; Coneglian, S. M.; Mouro, G. F.; Dos Santos, G. T.; Zeoula, L. M.; Bumbieris, V. H., 2003. Feather meal and its nutritional impact. Ms Sci. J. Bras. Sci., 83 (1): 187-195, England, M. L. ; Broderick, G. A. ; Shaver, R. D. ; Combs, D. K., 1997. Sci., 89 (12): 2626–2633, Barber, R. S. ; Braude, R. ; Mitchell, K. G., 1965. Biol. However, the addtion of bloood did not improved digestion parameters: digestible energy and metabolizable energy were lower, SID of amino acids is slightly lower and digestiblity of P is also reduced (Rojas et al., 2012). J. Anim. Hydrolysis time as a factor affecting the nutritive value of feather meal and feather meal-blood meal combinations for growing calves. Dairy Sci., 86 (10): 3309-3312, Yong, S. T.; Mardhati, M.; Farahiyah, I. J.; Noraini, S.; Wong, H. K., 2018. The supplementation of feather meal with lysine and methionine is essential for better performance in poultry birds and other monogastric livestock like pig and rabbit. The protein content is now 65% and the fat level is 12%. On the utilization of enzymatically digested feathers in rabbit feeding. Feedstuffs, 39 (50): 50-51. Several studies showed that inclusion of feather meal in young turkey diets can decrease performancesignificantly, especially at inclusion levels above 8% (Balloun et al., 1974; Eissler et al., 1996; Potter et al., 1978). In calves fed iso-metabolizable protein and energy diets based on 40% sorghum silage and 60% of concentrate, feather meal provided lower weight gains, higher intake and lower feed:gain ratio than the fish meal, soybean meal being intermediary (de Oliveira et al., 2002). Sci. It these values are uncertain, feather meal level should be limited and safety margins should be raised for potentially limiting amino acids. Poult Sci., 60 (8): 1865-1872, Balloun, S. L. ; Khajarern, J. K., 1974. A pepsin digestibility value of 75 % is considered to be a minimum value to ensure that the feather meal has been adequately processed (Vanoverschelde et al., 2018; AAFCO, 2002). Dev., Bangkok (Thailand).- Bangkok (Thailand), 13-20. Turkey By-Product Meal Blend 60%. Rev. Supplemental betaine and peroxide-treated feather meal for finishing cattle. Many trials on the use of feather meal in broilers have been published since the 1940s. The by-products are mostly animal feed… Proceedings of the Second Symposium of the International Network of Feed Information Centres. A novel enzymatic pre‐treatment improves amino acid utilization in feather meal fed to rainbow trout (, Potter, L. M.; Shelton, J. R., 1978. Description Poultry by-product meal is one of the most important source of animal protein used to feed domestic animals, along with meat and bone meal, blood meal, feather meal and fish … Utilisation of locally available feedstuffs for Nile Tilapia (, Nursinatrio; Nugroho, R. A., 2019. Post-ruminal digestion of protein and dry matter. A comparison of methods to determine amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients for chickens. Sci., 5 (7): 656-661, Jiang, R.; Wang, Y.; Xie, N.; Ji, W., 2010. Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. Studies on the feather meal supplementation in rabbits diets. Effect of feather meal on live animal performance and carcass quality and composition of growing-finishing swine. Moreira, J. F. C.; Rodriguez, N. M.; Fernandes, P. C. C.; Veloso, C. M.; Saliba, E. O. S.; Goncalves, L. C.; Borges, I.; Borges, A. , 2003. This mixture of hydrolised feather meal and blood could completely and satisfactorily replace soybean meal in finisher pigs provided they were given adequate amino acid supplementation based on the content of SID amino acids in the feather meal (Brotzge et al., 2014). Feathermeal is used in formulated animal feed and in organic … Poult. Zootec., 32 (6): 1454-1460, Branco, A. F.; Mouro, G. F.; Harmon, D. L.; Rigolon, L. P.; Zeoula, L. M.; Maia, F. J.; Coneglian, S. M., 2004. Worldwide, more than 25 billion chickens are used for human consumption. Res., 5 (3): 246-253, El Boushy, A. R.; van der Poel, A. F. B.; Walraven, O. E. D., 1990. Feather meal had also a deleterious effect on feed conversion ratio and increased fat deposition at the expense of protein retention (Pfeffer et al., 1994). 73 (5): 1459-1465, Campos, I.; Matos, E.; Marques, A.; Valente, L. M. P., 2017. Feather meal is the most important poultry by-product at a rendering plant. J. Anim. Poult. A review. Life-cycle assessment of animal feed ingredients: Poultry fat, poultry by-product meal and hydrolyzed feather meal. The value of feather meal as a protein supplement for growing pigs. Feather Meal. ASSET: An International Journal (Series A), 5: 129-138, Andrighetto, I.; Bailoni, L., 1994. A process consisting in adding blood to hydrolyzed feather meal prior to drying has been assessed. Effects of dietary amino acid balance on the response of dairy cows to an increase of milking frequency from twice to three times daily. Food Sci., 46 (1): 47-55, Yoo, J. S. ; Cho, K. H. ; Hong, J. S. ; Jang, H. S. ; Chung, Y. H. ; Kwon, G. T. ; Shin, D. G. ; Kim, Y. Y., 2019. At 60% replacement, feather meal had negative impacts on absorptive capacity of intestine by decreasing its absorptive area. Meat and bone meal, blood meal, feather meal and poultry meal are suitable for use in feeds for a wide range of animal species, including fish and shrimp (Table 2). Zootec., 27 (4): 777-782, Isika, M.A. Feather meal and other processed keratins as dietary sources of protein for poultry production. Another formulation possibility was to add other raw materials rich in essential amino acids such as poultry offal meal and blood meal (Daghir, 1975). Feather meal is a valuable source of protein that can replace costly fish meal in many fish species. Effects of rumen-undegradable protein sources and supplemental 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid and lysine center dot HCl on lactation performance in dairy cows. Chemical composition, digestible protein and energy values of some alternative feedstuffs for pigs in Brazil. Valley Proteins’ hydrolyzed feather meal is an economical source of protein for most animal diets. Bras. Rural Dev., 29 (12): 224, Pfeffer, E.; Wiesmann, D.; Henrichfreise, B., 1994. Feather meal, feathermeal, hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry feather meal, hydrolyzed poultry feather meal [English]; farine de plumes, farine de plumes hydrolysées [French]; Federmehl, hydrolisiertes Federmehl [German]; farinha de penas, farinha de penas hidrolisadas [Portuguese]; harina de plumas, harina de plumas hidrolisadas [Spanish]; קמח נוצות [Hebrew]; フェザーミール [Japanese]; Перьевая мука [Russian]; пір'яне борошно [Ukrainian]. Riv. Method for preparing digestible feather or hair meal. Apparent protein and energy digestibility of common and alternative feed ingredients by Atlantic cod, Trigo, M.S. 980 Annual Report: Cassava/nutrition project, Thailand, Khon Kaen Univ., 238-247, Khajarern, S. ; Khajarern, J. ; Phalaraksh, K. ; Churasatein, S., 1982. Sci., 86 (1): 94-101, Goedeken, F. K., Klopfenstein, T. J., Stock, R. A., Britton, R. A.; Sindt, M. H., 1990. Hydrolyzed poultry feathers or feather meal is produced by hydrolyzing clean, undecomposed feathers from slaughtered poultry. Livest. Feed Sci. A unfavourable effect of thermal and chemical methods of keratin hydrolysis is the destruction of some amino acids, including cystine (Papadopoulos, 1985; Papadopoulos et al., 1986). Feather meal can be an effective supplemental protein source for lactating dairy cattle in certain conditions. Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used. Complementary responses between hydrolyzed feather meal, fish meal and soybean meal without amino acid supplementation in Nile tilapia, Tag El Den, T. H.; Molnar, J., 1988. The apparent digestibility coefficients of feather meal measured on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (101 g BW) were reported to be : 58% for dry matter, 77% for crude protein and 70% for energy. In an attempt to reduce feed intake, average daily gain and fat deposition in barrows, feather meal was included at 10 and 20% in their diet. J Anim. A 2012 study found that the use of feather meal may contribute to arsenic exposure in humans. Chicken … Variability of feather meal between batches and between plants can be quite high due to differences in processes. Growth, livability, feed consumption, and carcass composition of the Athens Canadian Random Bred 1955 meat-type chicken versus the 2012 high-yielding Cobb 500 broiler. Chicken By-Product Crax 64%. At similar DM intake, feather meal led to higher or similar daily weight gain compared to other protein sources (urea or soybean meal) in crossbred (Charoles/RedAngus/Nelore) castrated calves fed sorghum (Vargas et al., 2003). 2. Feather meal is a byproduct of processing poultry; it is made from poultry feathers by partially grinding them under elevated heat and pressure, and then grinding and drying. Poult. Former results on fry (12.3 g BW) had however reported that replacement of 66% fish and bone meat by feather meal resulted in lower growth parameters (Bishop et al., 1995). Given these results and the variability of the products, it can be recommended to limit feather meal incorporation to 2.5% in broilers, and use feather meal at 5% only for very good quality meals. However, these negative effects were solved with lysine and methionine supplementation, resulting in laying performance at 2.5% to 5% dietary level equivalent to that obtained with control diets (Senkoylu et al., 2005). On average ME value is about 12.5 MJ/Kg DM.